1.
Urinary excretion of AQP2 and ENaC in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease during basal conditions and after a hypertonic saline infusion.
Source
1Holstebro Hospital.
Abstract
Renal handling of sodium and water is abnormal in chronic kidney diseases. In order to study the function and regulation of the aquaporin-2 water channel (AQP2) and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), we measured urinary excretion of AQP2 (u-AQP2), β-subunit of ENaC (u-ENaC(β)), c-AMP (u-cAMP) and prostaglandin E2 (u-PGE(2)), free water clearance (C(H2O)), fractional sodium excretion (FE(Na)), and plasma vasopressin (p-AVP), renin (p-Renin), angiotensin II (p-Ang II), aldosterone (p-Aldo), and atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (p-ANP, p-BNP) in patients with ADPKD and healthy controls during 24-h urine collection and after hypertonic saline infusion during high sodium intake (HS, 300 mmol sodium/day) and low sodium intake (LS, 30 mmol sodium/day). No difference in u-AQP2, u-ENaC(β), u-cAMP, u-PGE(2), C(H2O), and vasoactive hormones was found between patients and controls at baseline, but during HS the patients had higher FE(Na). The saline caused higher increases in FE(Na) in patients than controls during LS, but the changes in u-ENaC(β), p-Aldo, p-ANP, p-BNP, p-Renin, and p-Ang II were similar. Higher increases in u-AQP2 and p-AVP were seen in patients during both diets. In conclusion, u-AQP2 and u-ENaC(β) were comparable in patients with ADPKD and controls at baseline. In ADPKD, the larger increase in u-AQP2 and p-AVP in response to saline could reflect an abnormal water absorption in the distal nephron. During LS, the larger increase in FE(Na) in response to saline could reflect a defective renal sodium retaining capacity in ADPKD, unrelated to changes in u-ENaC(β). ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT00410007.
- PMID:
- 22262484
- [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Therapy for obesity based on gastrointestinal hormones.
Source
Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
It has long been known that peptide hormones from the gastrointestinal tract have significant impact on the regulation of nutrient metabolism. Among these hormones, incretins have been found to increase insulin secretion, and thus incretin-based therapies have emerged as new modalities for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In contrast to other antidiabetic treatments, these agents have a positive outcome profile on body weight. Worldwide there are 500 million obese people, and 3 million are dying every year from obesity-related diseases. Recently, incretin-based therapy was proposed for the treatment of obesity. Currently two different incretin therapies are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: 1) the GLP-1 receptor agonists which cause significant and sustained weight loss in overweight patients, and 2) dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors being weight neutral. These findings have led to a greater interest in the physiology of intestinal peptides with potential weight-reducing properties. This review discusses the effects of the incretin-based therapies in obesity, and provides an overview of intestinal peptides with promising effects as potential new treatments for obesity.
- PMID:
- 22262071
- [PubMed - in process]
Physiology of incretins in health and disease.
Source
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
Abstract
The incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are gut peptides which are secreted by endocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa. Their plasma concentrations increase quickly following food ingestion, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein have all been shown to stimulate GLP-1 and GIP secretion. Although neural and hormonal mechanisms have also been proposed to regulate incretin hormone secretion, direct stimulation of the enteroendocrine cells by the presence of nutrients in the intestinal lumen is probably the most important factor in humans. The actions of the incretin hormones are crucial for maintaining normal islet function and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it is also now being recognized that incretin hormones may have other actions in addition to their glucoregulatory effects. Studies have shown that GLP-1 and GIP levels and actions may be perturbed in disease states, but interpretation of the precise relationship between disease and incretins is difficult. The balance of evidence seems to suggest that alterations in secretion and/or action of incretin hormones arise secondarily to the development of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and/or increases in body weight rather than being causative factors. However, these impairments may contribute to the deterioration of glycemic control in diabetic patients.
- PMID:
- 22262068
- [PubMed - in process]
Contributions of Individual Amino Acid Residues to the Endogenous CLV3 Function in Shoot Apical Meristem Maintenance in Arabidopsis.
Source
Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Fragrant Hill, Beijing 100093, China.
Abstract
As a peptide hormone, CLV3 restricts the stem cell number in shoot apical meristem (SAM) by interacting with CLV1/CLV2/CRN/RPK2 receptor complexes. To elucidate how the function of the CLV3 peptide in SAM maintenance is established at the amino acid (AA) level, alanine substitutions were performed by introducing point mutations to individual residues in the peptide-coding region of CLV3 and its flanking sequences. Constructs carrying such substitutions, expressed under the control of CLV3 regulatory elements, were transformed to the clv3-2 null mutant to evaluate their efficiencies in complementing its defects in SAMs in vivo. These studies showed that aspartate-8, histidine-11, glycine-6, proline-4, arginine-1, and proline-9, arranged in an order of importance, were critical, while threonine-2, valine-3, serine-5, and the previously assigned hydroxylation and arabinosylation residue proline-7 were trivial for the endogenous CLV3 function in SAM maintenance. In contrast, substitutions of flanking residues did not impose much damage on CLV3. Complementation of different alanine-substituted constructs was confirmed by measurements of the sizes of SAMs and the WUS expression levels in transgenic plants. These studies established a complete contribution map of individual residues in the peptide-coding region of CLV3 for its function in SAM, which may help to understand peptide hormones in general.
Relationship between thyroid function and ICU mortality: a prospective observation study.
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION:
Although the nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is considered to be associated with adverse outcome in ICU patients, the performance of thyroid hormones to predict clinical outcome in ICU patients is unimpressive. The study was conducted to assess the prognostic value of the complete thyroid indicators (FT3, TT3, FT4, TT4, TSH and rT3) in unselected ICU patients.
METHODS:
480 consecutive patients without known thyroid diseases were screened for eligibility and followed up during the ICU stay. We collected each patient's baseline characteristics including the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) score, thyroid hormones levels, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The primary outcome was ICU mortality. Potential predictors were analyzed for possible association with outcomes. We also evaluated the ability of thyroid hormones additive to APACHE-II score to predict ICU mortality by calculation of net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) indices.
RESULTS:
Among the thyroid hormonal indicators, FT3 had the greatest power for predicting ICU mortality, as suggested by the largest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.762+/-0.028. The AUC for FT3 was less than that for APACHE-II score (0.829 +/-0.022), but greater than that for NT-proBNP (0.724+/-0.030) or CRP (0.689+/-0.030). Multiple regression revealed that FT3 (standardized beta=-0.600, P=0.001), APACHE- score (standardized beta = 0.912, P<0.001), NT-proBNP (standardized beta=0.459, P=0.017) or CRP (standardized beta = 0.367, P=0.030) could independently predict primary outcome. Addition of FT3 to APACHE- score gave an NRI of 54.29% (P<0.001) and IDI of 36.54% (P<0.001). The level of FT3 was significantly correlated with. NT-proBNP (r=-0.344, P<0.001) or CRP (r=-0.408, P<0.001) levels.
CONCLUSION:
In unselected ICU patients, FT3 was the most powerful and only independent predictor of ICU mortality among the complete indicators. Addition of FT3 to the APACHE- score could significantly improve the ability to predict ICU mortality.
Insulin-like growth factor 1: common mediator of multiple enterotrophichormones and growth factors.
Source
Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW:
To summarize the recent evidence that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) mediates growth effects of multiple trophic factors and discuss clinical relevance.
RECENT FINDINGS:
Recent reviews and original reports indicate benefits of growth hormone (GH) and long-acting glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) analogs in short bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease. This review highlights the evidence that biomarkers of sustained small intestinal growth or mucosal healing and evaluation of intestinal epithelial stem cell biomarkers may improve clinical measures of intestinal growth or response to trophic hormones. Compelling evidence that IGF1 mediates growth effects of GH and GLP2 on intestine or linear growth in preclinical models of resection or Crohn's disease is presented, along with a concept that these hormones or IGF1 may enhance sustained growth if given early after bowel resection. Evidence that suppressor of cytokine signaling protein induction by GH or GLP2 in normal or inflamed intestine may limit IGF1-induced growth, but protect against risk of dysplasia or fibrosis, is reviewed. Whether IGF1 receptor mediates IGF1 action and potential roles of insulin receptors are addressed.
SUMMARY:
IGF1 has a central role in mediating trophic hormone action in small intestine. Better understanding of benefits and risks of IGF1, receptors that mediate IGF1 action, and factors that limit undesirable growth are needed.
Comparative Effects of Variations in Duodenal Glucose Load on Glycemic, Insulinemic, and Incretin Responses in Healthy Young and Older Subjects.
Source
University of Adelaide (L.G.T., M.H., C.K.R., D.G., K.L., J.M.W., K.L.J.), Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Nutritional Physiology, Interventions, and Outcomes (L.G.T., M.H., C.K.R., K.L., J.M.W., K.L.J.); and University of South Australia (D.G.), School of Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia 5000.
Abstract
Context:Aging is associated with deteriorating glucose tolerance. Studies assessing glucose tolerance and subsequent insulin and incretin hormone release often fail to take into account the rate of gastric emptying when evaluating these responses.Objective:Our objective was to determine the comparative effects of variations in the small intestinal glucose load on the glycemic, insulinemic, and incretin responses in healthy young and older subjects.Materials and Methods:Twelve healthy young (six males, six females; age 22.2 ± 2.3 yr) and 12 older (six males, six females; age 68.7 ± 1.0 yr) subjects had measurements of blood glucose, serum insulin and plasma incretin hormones [glucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] and calculations of insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment) and β-cell function corrected for insulin sensitivity, before and during intraduodenal infusions of glucose at 1, 2, or 3 kcal/min or saline for 60 minutes. The study was double-blinded and randomized, and performed in the Discipline of Medicine at the Royal Adelaide Hospital.Results:At baseline, blood glucose and serum insulin were slightly higher in the older subjects (P < 0.001), whereas GLP-1 and GIP were comparable between groups. In both groups, the glycemic, insulinemic, and GLP-1 responses were dependent on the duodenal glucose load in a nonlinear fashion (P < 0.001). The glycemic response was greater (P < 0.001) in the older subjects, whereas GLP-1 and GIP responses were comparable between groups. The older subjects were more insulin resistant (P < 0.001) and had impaired β-cell function, particularly at higher glucose loads (P < 0.05).Conclusion:When glucose is infused into the small intestine at equal rates in healthy young and older subjects, GLP-1 and GIP responses are comparable, indicating that impaired incretin secretion does not account for age-related glucose intolerance.
Ghrelin and the brain-gut axis as a pharmacological target for appetite control.
Source
Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland. i.seim@qut.edu.au.
Abstract
Appetite regulation is highly complex and involves a large number of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptide hormones. These are small, processed, secreted peptides derived from larger prepropeptide precursors. These peptides are important targets for the development of therapeutics for obesity, a global health epidemic. As a case study, we consider the ghrelin axis. The ghrelin axis is likely to be a particularly useful drug target, as it also plays a role in energy homeostasis, adipogenesis, insulin regulation and reward associated with food intake. Ghrelin is the only known circulating gut orexigenic peptide hormone. As it appears to play a role in diet-induced obesity, blocking the action of ghrelin is likely to be effective for treating and preventing obesity. The ghrelin peptide has been targeted using a number of approaches, with ghrelin mirror-image oligonucleotides (Spiegelmers) and immunotherapy showing some promise. The ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, may also provide a useful target and a number of antagonists and inverse agonists have been developed. A particularly promising new target is the enzyme which octanoylates ghrelin, ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and drugs that inhibit GOAT are likely to circumvent pharmacological issues associated with approaches that directly target ghrelin or its receptor.
- PMID:
- 22236122
- [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Breakfast skipping in prepubertal obese children: hormonal, metabolic and cognitive consequences.
Source
Unit of Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
Abstract
Background and Aims:Skipping breakfast influences cognitive performance. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between the variation of hormonal and metabolic postprandial parameters induced by breakfast consumption or fasting and cognitive performance in obese children.Methods:Cross-sectional study for repeated measures. Memory and attention assessment tests, hormones and nutrient oxidation were measured before and after consuming breakfast vs fasting in 10 prepubertal obese children.Results:Fasting induced a significant (P<0.05) increase of the Overall Index of the Continuous Performance Test II (a global index of inattention) and the Test of Memory and Learning Word Selective Reminding (a test of verbal memory), whereas no changes were found after breakfast. Fasting was associated with a reduction of insulin and an increase in glucagon, with no changes in glucose. The increase in inattention was associated with a reduction of carbohydrate oxidation (ρ=-0.66, P<0.05). We found no difference in the area under the curve of peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 after breakfast or fasting, whereas Ghrelin was significantly lower. No association between postprandial hormone variation and cognitive performance was found.Conclusions:Attention and visual memory performance in the morning were reduced when the children skipped breakfast. No association was found with hormones or metabolic changes, but we did find an association with a reduction of carbohydrate oxidation. Nevertheless, these preliminary findings need confirmation in larger sample size.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 11 January 2012; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.206.
Prebiotic Fiber Increases Hepatic Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Phosphorylation and Suppresses Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Secretion More Effectively When Used with Metformin in Obese Rats.
Source
Faculty of Kinesiology, and.
Abstract
Independently, metformin (MET) and the prebiotic, oligofructose (OFS), have been shown to increase glucagon-likepeptide (GLP-1) secretion. Our objective was to determine whether using OFS as an adjunct with MET augments GLP-1 secretion in obese rats. Male, diet-induced obese Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to: 1) high-fat/-sucrose diet [HFHS; control (C); 20% fat, 50% sucrose wt:wt]; 2) HFHS+10% OFS (OFS); 3) HFHS + MET [300 mg/kg/d (MET)]; 4) HFHS+10% OFS+MET (OFS+MET). Body composition, glycemia, satiety hormones, and mechanisms related to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity in plasma, hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK; Western blots), and gut microbiota (qPCR) were examined. Direct effects of MET and SCFA were examined in human enteroendocrine cells. The interaction between OFS and MET affected fat mass, hepatic TG, secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and leptin, and AMPKα2 mRNA and phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase (pACC) levels (P < 0.05). Combined, OFS and MET reduced GIP secretion to a greater extent than either treatment alone (P < 0.05). The hepatic pACC level was increased by OFS+MET by at least 50% above all other treatments, which did not differ from each other (P < 0.05). OFS decreased plasma DPP4 activity (P < 0.001). Cecal Bifidobacteria (P < 0.001) were markedly increased and C. leptum decreased (P < 0.001) with OFS consumption. In human enteroendocrine cells, the interaction between MET and SCFA affected GLP-1 secretion (P < 0.04) but was not associated with higher GLP-1 than the highest individual doses. In conclusion, the combined actions of OFS and MET were associated with important interaction effects that have the potential to improve metabolic outcomes associated with obesity.
- PMID:
- 22223580
- [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Nursing Ewes: An Involvement of μ-Receptor Subtype.
Source
Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna n/Warsaw, Poland Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Agricultural University in Cracow, Cracow, Poland.
Abstract
Suckling by newborns induces a surge of lactogenic hormones, that is prolactin and growth hormone (GH), in mother's body, with endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) participating in generation of this surge. The aim of the current study was to investigate which types of opioid receptors are involved in generation of the GH surge in ewes during suckling. A series of intracerebroventricular infusions of opioid receptors antagonists: naloxone (for all types of receptors), naloxonazine (specific for μ receptor) and 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI - specific for κ receptor) and the vehicle (control) were performed in nursing sheep during the fifth week of lactation. All infusions were carried out in a serial manner: five 30-min infusions (60 μg/60 μl) from 10:00 to 15:00, at 30-min intervals. The period of the experiment consisted of the non-suckling (10:00-12:30) and suckling (12:30-15:00) periods. Simultaneously, blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals to determine plasma GH concentration by radioimmunoassay. Suckling evoked a rapid increase in GH concentration in control ewes. Naloxone and naloxonazine significantly decreased both the basal GH release in the non-suckling period and the suckling-induced GH surge. Specifically, the suppressive effect concerned either the duration or the amplitude of the GH surge. In contrast, GNTI did not significantly affect the GH release. In conclusion, the EOPs may affect the regulatory process of GH secretion in lactating sheep, especially through μ opioid receptor.
© 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
Brain levels of arginine-vasotocin and isotocin in dominant and subordinate males of a cichlid fish.
Source
Unidade de Investigação em Eco-Etologia, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal.
Abstract
The nonapeptides arginine-vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT), which are the teleost homologues of arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin in mammals, have well established peripheral effects on osmoregulation and stress response, and central effects on social behavior. However, all studies that have looked so far into the relationship between these nonapeptides and social behavior have used indirect measures of AVT/IT activity (i.e. immunohistochemistry of AVT/IT immunoreactive neurons, or AVT/IT or their receptors mRNA expression with in situ hybridization or qPCR) and therefore direct measures of peptide levels in relation to social behavior are still lacking. Here we use a recently developed high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) method to quantify the levels of both AVT and IT in macro-dissected brain areas [i.e. olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, diencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum, and hindbrain (= rhombencephalon minus cerebellum)] and pituitary of dominant and subordinate male cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). The pituitary shows higher levels of both peptides than any of the brain macroareas, and the olfactory bulbs have the highest AVT among all brain areas. Except for IT in the telencephalon there is a lack of correlations between central levels and pituitary peptide levels, suggesting an independent control of hypophysial and CNS nonapeptide secretion. There were also no correlations between AVT and IT levels either for each brain region or for the pituitary gland, suggesting a decoupled activity of the AVT and IT systems at the CNS level. Subordinate AVT pituitary levels are significantly higher than those of dominants, and dominant hindbrain IT levels are significantly higher than those of subordinates, suggesting a potential involvement of AVT in social stress in subordinate fish and of IT in the regulation of dominant behavior at the level of the hindbrain. Since in this species dominant males use urine to communicate social status and since AVT is known to have an antidiuretic effect, we have also investigated the effect of social status on urine storage. As predicted, dominant males stored significantly more urine than subordinates. Given these results we suggest that AVT/IT play a key role in orchestrating social phenotypes, acting both as central neuromodulators that promote behavioral plasticity and as peripheral hormones that promote integrated physiological changes.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiplex Immunoassays of Peptide Hormones Extracted from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Accurately Subclassify Pituitary Adenomas.
Source
Department of Laboratory Medicine and.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The current gold standard for diagnostic classification of many solid-tissue neoplasms is immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Although IHC is commonly used, there remain important issues related to preanalytic variability, nonstandard methods, and operator bias that may contribute to clinically significant error. To increase the quantitative accuracy and reliability of FFPE tissue-based diagnosis, we sought to develop a clinical proteomic method to characterize protein expression in pathologic tissue samples rapidly and quantitatively.
METHODS:
We subclassified FFPE tissue from 136 clinical pituitary adenoma samples according to hormone translation with IHC and then extracted tissue proteins and quantified pituitary hormones with multiplex bead-based immunoassays. Hormone concentrations were normalized and compared across diagnostic groups. We developed a quantitative classification scheme for pituitary adenomas on archived samples and validated it on prospectively collected clinical samples.
RESULTS:
The most abundant relative hormone concentrations differentiated sensitively and specifically between IHC-classified hormone-expressing adenoma types, correctly predicting IHC-positive diagnoses in 85% of cases overall, with discrepancies found only in cases of clinically nonfunctioning adenomas. Several adenomas with clinically relevant hormone-expressing phenotypes were identified with this assay yet called "null" by IHC, suggesting that multiplex immunoassays may be more sensitive than IHC for detecting clinically meaningful protein expression.
CONCLUSIONS:
Multiplex immunoassays performed on FFPE tissue extracts can provide diagnostically relevant information and may exceed the performance of IHC in classifying some pituitary neoplasms. This technique is simple, largely amenable to automation, and likely applicable to other diagnostic problems in molecular pathology.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 40-2011. A 52-year-old man with weakness, infections, and enlarged adrenal glands.
Source
Neuroendocrine Unit, the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
Processing-independent analysis of peptide hormones and prohormones in plasma.
Source
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. JPG@dadlnet.dk
Abstract
Peptide hormones are post-translationally matured before they reach a structure in which they can fulfill their biological functions. The prohormone processing may encompass a variety of endoproteolytic cleavages, N- and C-terminal trimmings, and amino acid derivatizations. The same prohormone can be variably processed in different cell types and, in addition, diseased cells often change the processing of a given precursor. The translational process is often either increased or decreased in diseased cells, which renders the ensuing modifications of the prohormone incomplete. Consequently, a variable mixture of precursors and processing-intermediates accumulates in plasma. In order to exploit disturbed posttranslational processing for diagnostic use and at the same time provide an accurate measure of the translational product, a simple analytical principle named "processing-independent analysis" (PIA) was designed. PIA-methods quantitate the total mRNA product irrespective of the degree of processing. PIA-methods have now been developed for a number of prohormones and proteins, and their diagnostic potential appears promising in diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and in several malignancies.
- PMID:
- 22201837
- [PubMed - in process]
Renal regulation of potassium homeostasis in calves in the first week of life including the role of atrial natriuretic peptide.
Source
Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, The West Pomeranian University of Technology, Doktora Judyma 6, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland.
Abstract
The experiment was carried out on 10 clinically healthy Polish-Friesian var. Black-and-White cow calves, during the first seven days of postnatal life. The results indicate that renal removal of potassium depends primarily on the quantity reabsorbed in the tubules, whereas clearance of the electrolyte, due to stable levels in the blood plasma, depends on the amount excreted in the urine. With stable tubular reabsorption of potassium, a relatively unchanging amount of excreted potassium was observed in the urine. However, reduced tubular reabsorption caused a significant increase in excretion and clearance of the electrolyte. Changes in the amount of filtered potassium play a minor role in the regulation of excretion. Small changes in the blood plasma potassium concentration observed primarily resulted from changes in glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption, since the concentration of electrolyte in the blood after birth remained within the physiological range. The results ofthis study suggest that neonate calf kidneys are sufficiently prepared to regulate kalemia. Atrial natriuretic peptide is not directly involved in the regulation of tubular reabsorption of potassium in calves in the first week of life, although it is highly likely that the peptide is involved in the excretion of potassium in the urine in calves during the first seven days of life.
- PMID:
- 22195470
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A hospital based study of prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in an urban population of India.
Source
Diabetes Centre, Medical Director & CEO, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, K.L.E. University, Belgaum, India. drmvjali@gmail.com
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
A cross-sectional institutional-based study was undertaken to know the prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) among Indian pregnant women.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
325 pregnant women were screened for evidence of diabetes who were previously not known to be diabetic. They underwent 75 g, 2 hour, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Chi-square test was done for statistically association of variables in GDM.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study indicate that bad obstetrics history, obese patient on high calorie diet especially non vegetarian diet with less physical activity are highly prone to develop GDM.
- PMID:
- 22195364
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Choriocarcinoma following ovarian hydatidiform mole: a case report.
Source
Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Ovarian ectopic pregnancies are uncommon, and a hydatidiform mole in this location is extremely rare but may later develop into a choriocarcinoma.
CASE:
A 49-year-old woman with a history of an ectopic pregnancy, lost to follow-up in spite of rising human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels, presented three years later at the emergency ward with hemoptysis, vaginal bleeding and elevated serum hCG. Pulmonary and vaginal metastasis was found, and the diagnosis of a choriocarcinoma was confirmed. She received chemotherapy during a 6-month period and recovered successfully. Seven years later she is free of disease. Reevaluation of the histological specimen from the previous ectopic pregnancy confirmed an ovarian hydatidiform mole and the later development of choriocarcinoma which probably originated from this mole.
CONCLUSION:
The diagnosis of hydatidiform mole can be difficult, however, it may be crucial to the patient. Whenever a histopathologic examination of products of conception is performed, it is important that a hydatidiform mole can be ruled out, and that may require additional analysis such as immunohistochemistry and DNA ploidy. In cases in which a gestational trophoblastic disease is suspected, it is necessary to monitor serum hCG until values are negative.
- PMID:
- 22195336
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Early prediction of symptomatic hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy.
Source
KBC Zvezdara University Medical Centre, Clinic for Surgery "Nikola Spasic", Belgrade, Serbia. bkzvez@gmail.com
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Hypocalcemia is the most common postoperative complication after total thyroidectomy. The aim of this prospective study was to determine biochemical parameters in the early postoperative period that could identify patients with significantly increased risk of symptomatic hypocalcemia development.
METHODS:
The study included 100 individuals undergoing total thyroidectomy from January to May 2009. In all patients PTH, calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, and albumin levels were measured immediately preoperatively, 30 minutes postoperatively and every morning for the following five days.
RESULTS:
Clinically significant hypocalcemia was observed in 19% of all cases. Fall of the iPTH values by more than 88% from preoperative values, 30 min after completion of the surgery, showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the occurrence of symptomatic hypocalcemia.
CONCLUSIONS:
According to our results immediate postoperative measurement of the iPTH may be considered as a useful method to predict with high certainty which patients will need calcium supplementation, and to separate them from patients who can be safely and early discharged.
- PMID:
- 22191132
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Short-Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion via the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor FFAR2.
Source
Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K.
Abstract
Interest in how the gut microbiome can influence the metabolic state of the host has recently heightened. One postulated link is bacterial fermentation of "indigestible" prebiotics to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn modulate the release of gut hormones controlling insulin release and appetite. We show here that SCFAs trigger secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 from mixed colonic cultures in vitro. Quantitative PCR revealed enriched expression of the SCFA receptors ffar2 (grp43) and ffar3 (gpr41) in GLP-1-secreting L cells, and consistent with the reported coupling of GPR43 to Gq signaling pathways, SCFAs raised cytosolic Ca(2+) in L cells in primary culture. Mice lacking ffar2 or ffar3 exhibited reduced SCFA-triggered GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo and a parallel impairment of glucose tolerance. These results highlight SCFAs and their receptors as potential targets for the treatment of diabetes.
No comments:
Post a Comment